diff --git a/src/api/router/args.rs b/src/api/router/args.rs
index b54a6f80..776ce4f4 100644
--- a/src/api/router/args.rs
+++ b/src/api/router/args.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,8 @@ use std::{mem, ops::Deref};
 
 use axum::{async_trait, body::Body, extract::FromRequest};
 use bytes::{BufMut, BytesMut};
-use conduit::{debug, debug_warn, trace, warn, Error, Result};
-use ruma::{
-	api::{client::error::ErrorKind, IncomingRequest},
-	CanonicalJsonValue, OwnedDeviceId, OwnedServerName, OwnedUserId, UserId,
-};
+use conduit::{debug, err, trace, Error, Result};
+use ruma::{api::IncomingRequest, CanonicalJsonValue, OwnedDeviceId, OwnedServerName, OwnedUserId, UserId};
 
 use super::{auth, auth::Auth, request, request::Request};
 use crate::{service::appservice::RegistrationInfo, services};
@@ -103,21 +100,14 @@ where
 	let mut http_request = hyper::Request::builder()
 		.uri(request.parts.uri.clone())
 		.method(request.parts.method.clone());
-	*http_request.headers_mut().unwrap() = request.parts.headers.clone();
-	let http_request = http_request.body(body).unwrap();
-	debug!(
-		"{:?} {:?} {:?}",
-		http_request.method(),
-		http_request.uri(),
-		http_request.headers()
-	);
+	*http_request.headers_mut().expect("mutable http headers") = request.parts.headers.clone();
+	let http_request = http_request.body(body).expect("http request body");
 
-	trace!("{:?} {:?} {:?}", http_request.method(), http_request.uri(), json_body);
-	let body = T::try_from_http_request(http_request, &request.path).map_err(|e| {
-		warn!("try_from_http_request failed: {e:?}",);
-		debug_warn!("JSON body: {:?}", json_body);
-		Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Failed to deserialize request.")
-	})?;
+	let headers = http_request.headers();
+	let method = http_request.method();
+	let uri = http_request.uri();
+	debug!("{method:?} {uri:?} {headers:?}");
+	trace!("{method:?} {uri:?} {json_body:?}");
 
-	Ok(body)
+	T::try_from_http_request(http_request, &request.path).map_err(|e| err!(Request(BadJson(debug_warn!("{e}")))))
 }
diff --git a/src/api/router/request.rs b/src/api/router/request.rs
index 56c76619..bed8d057 100644
--- a/src/api/router/request.rs
+++ b/src/api/router/request.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ use std::str;
 
 use axum::{extract::Path, RequestExt, RequestPartsExt};
 use bytes::Bytes;
+use conduit::err;
 use http::request::Parts;
-use ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 
-use crate::{services, Error, Result};
+use crate::{services, Result};
 
 #[derive(Deserialize)]
 pub(super) struct QueryParams {
@@ -26,14 +26,15 @@ pub(super) async fn from(request: hyper::Request<axum::body::Body>) -> Result<Re
 	let (mut parts, body) = limited.into_parts();
 
 	let path: Path<Vec<String>> = parts.extract().await?;
-	let query = serde_html_form::from_str(parts.uri.query().unwrap_or_default())
-		.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::Unknown, "Failed to read query parameters"))?;
+	let query = parts.uri.query().unwrap_or_default();
+	let query =
+		serde_html_form::from_str(query).map_err(|e| err!(Request(Unknown("Failed to read query parameters: {e}"))))?;
 
 	let max_body_size = services().globals.config.max_request_size;
 
 	let body = axum::body::to_bytes(body, max_body_size)
 		.await
-		.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::TooLarge, "Request body too large"))?;
+		.map_err(|e| err!(Request(TooLarge("Request body too large: {e}"))))?;
 
 	Ok(Request {
 		path,
diff --git a/src/api/server/send.rs b/src/api/server/send.rs
index 122f564f..31f8e73b 100644
--- a/src/api/server/send.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/send.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, net::IpAddr, time::Instant};
 
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
-use conduit::debug_warn;
+use conduit::{debug, debug_warn, err, trace, warn, Err};
 use ruma::{
 	api::{
 		client::error::ErrorKind,
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ use ruma::{
 	OwnedEventId, ServerName,
 };
 use tokio::sync::RwLock;
-use tracing::{debug, error, trace, warn};
 
 use crate::{
 	service::rooms::event_handler::parse_incoming_pdu,
@@ -39,24 +38,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_transaction_message_route(
 	let origin = body.origin.as_ref().expect("server is authenticated");
 
 	if *origin != body.body.origin {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
-			ErrorKind::forbidden(),
-			"Not allowed to send transactions on behalf of other servers",
-		));
+		return Err!(Request(Forbidden(
+			"Not allowed to send transactions on behalf of other servers"
+		)));
 	}
 
 	if body.pdus.len() > 50_usize {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
-			ErrorKind::forbidden(),
-			"Not allowed to send more than 50 PDUs in one transaction",
-		));
+		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Not allowed to send more than 50 PDUs in one transaction")));
 	}
 
 	if body.edus.len() > 100_usize {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
-			ErrorKind::forbidden(),
-			"Not allowed to send more than 100 EDUs in one transaction",
-		));
+		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Not allowed to send more than 100 EDUs in one transaction")));
 	}
 
 	let txn_start_time = Instant::now();
@@ -392,10 +384,9 @@ async fn handle_edu_direct_to_device(
 						target_user_id,
 						target_device_id,
 						&ev_type.to_string(),
-						event.deserialize_as().map_err(|e| {
-							error!("To-Device event is invalid: {event:?} {e}");
-							Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Event is invalid")
-						})?,
+						event
+							.deserialize_as()
+							.map_err(|e| err!(Request(InvalidParam(error!("To-Device event is invalid: {e}")))))?,
 					)?;
 				},
 
@@ -408,7 +399,7 @@ async fn handle_edu_direct_to_device(
 							&ev_type.to_string(),
 							event
 								.deserialize_as()
-								.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Event is invalid"))?,
+								.map_err(|e| err!(Request(InvalidParam("Event is invalid: {e}"))))?,
 						)?;
 					}
 				},
diff --git a/src/core/error/err.rs b/src/core/error/err.rs
index 66634f2b..55e38f18 100644
--- a/src/core/error/err.rs
+++ b/src/core/error/err.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 //!    Err(Database(error!("problem with db: {msg}")))` logs the error at the
 //!    callsite and then returns the error with the same string. Caller has the
 //!    option of replacing `error!` with `debug_error!`.
+
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! Err {
 	($($args:tt)*) => {
diff --git a/src/core/error/mod.rs b/src/core/error/mod.rs
index 1f0d56c1..9439261e 100644
--- a/src/core/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/core/error/mod.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub enum Error {
 
 	// conduwuit
 	#[error("Arithmetic operation failed: {0}")]
-	Arithmetic(&'static str),
+	Arithmetic(Cow<'static, str>),
 	#[error("There was a problem with the '{0}' directive in your configuration: {1}")]
 	Config(&'static str, Cow<'static, str>),
 	#[error("{0}")]
diff --git a/src/core/utils/math.rs b/src/core/utils/math.rs
index 155721e7..96ac6dc2 100644
--- a/src/core/utils/math.rs
+++ b/src/core/utils/math.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ use std::{cmp, time::Duration};
 
 pub use checked_ops::checked_ops;
 
-use crate::{Error, Result};
+use crate::{Err, Error, Result};
 
 /// Checked arithmetic expression. Returns a Result<R, Error::Arithmetic>
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! checked {
 	($($input:tt)*) => {
 		$crate::utils::math::checked_ops!($($input)*)
-			.ok_or_else(|| $crate::Error::Arithmetic("operation overflowed or result invalid"))
+			.ok_or_else(|| $crate::err!(Arithmetic("operation overflowed or result invalid")))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ macro_rules! validated {
 	($($input:tt)*) => {
 		//#[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)] {
 		//Some($($input)*)
-		//	.ok_or_else(|| $crate::Error::Arithmetic("this error should never been seen"))
+		//	.ok_or_else(|| $crate::err!(Arithmetic("this error should never been seen")))
 		//}
 
 		//NOTE: remove me when stmt_expr_attributes is stable
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn continue_exponential_backoff(min: Duration, max: Duration, elapsed: Durat
 #[allow(clippy::as_conversions)]
 pub fn usize_from_f64(val: f64) -> Result<usize, Error> {
 	if val < 0.0 {
-		return Err(Error::Arithmetic("Converting negative float to unsigned integer"));
+		return Err!(Arithmetic("Converting negative float to unsigned integer"));
 	}
 
 	//SAFETY: <https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.f64.html#method.to_int_unchecked>
diff --git a/src/service/admin/mod.rs b/src/service/admin/mod.rs
index 41019cd1..f63ebf09 100644
--- a/src/service/admin/mod.rs
+++ b/src/service/admin/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use conduit::{debug, error, Error, Result};
+use conduit::{debug, error, error::default_log, Error, Result};
 pub use create::create_admin_room;
 pub use grant::make_user_admin;
 use loole::{Receiver, Sender};
@@ -239,9 +239,9 @@ async fn respond_to_room(content: RoomMessageEventContent, room_id: &RoomId, use
 		.build_and_append_pdu(response_pdu, user_id, room_id, &state_lock)
 		.await
 	{
-		if let Err(e) = handle_response_error(e, room_id, user_id, &state_lock).await {
-			error!("{e}");
-		}
+		handle_response_error(e, room_id, user_id, &state_lock)
+			.await
+			.unwrap_or_else(default_log);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/src/service/media/mod.rs b/src/service/media/mod.rs
index c969d1e8..1638235b 100644
--- a/src/service/media/mod.rs
+++ b/src/service/media/mod.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, path::PathBuf, sync::Arc, time::SystemTime};
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use base64::{engine::general_purpose, Engine as _};
-use conduit::{debug, debug_error, err, error, utils, Result, Server};
+use conduit::{debug, debug_error, err, error, utils, Err, Result, Server};
 use data::{Data, Metadata};
 use ruma::{OwnedMxcUri, OwnedUserId};
 use serde::Serialize;
@@ -100,10 +100,9 @@ impl Service {
 
 			Ok(())
 		} else {
-			error!("Failed to find any media keys for MXC \"{mxc}\" in our database (MXC does not exist)");
-			Err(Error::bad_database(
-				"Failed to find any media keys for the provided MXC in our database (MXC does not exist)",
-			))
+			Err!(Database(error!(
+				"Failed to find any media keys for MXC {mxc:?} in our database."
+			)))
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -137,23 +136,16 @@ impl Service {
 		let all_keys = self.db.get_all_media_keys();
 
 		let user_duration: SystemTime = match cyborgtime::parse_duration(&time) {
-			Ok(duration) => {
-				debug!("Parsed duration: {:?}", duration);
-				debug!("System time now: {:?}", SystemTime::now());
-				SystemTime::now().checked_sub(duration).ok_or_else(|| {
-					Error::bad_database("Duration specified is not valid against the current system time")
-				})?
-			},
-			Err(e) => {
-				error!("Failed to parse user-specified time duration: {}", e);
-				return Err(Error::bad_database("Failed to parse user-specified time duration."));
-			},
+			Err(e) => return Err!(Database(error!("Failed to parse specified time duration: {e}"))),
+			Ok(duration) => SystemTime::now()
+				.checked_sub(duration)
+				.ok_or(err!(Arithmetic("Duration {duration:?} is too large")))?,
 		};
 
 		let mut remote_mxcs: Vec<String> = vec![];
 
 		for key in all_keys {
-			debug!("Full MXC key from database: {:?}", key);
+			debug!("Full MXC key from database: {key:?}");
 
 			// we need to get the MXC URL from the first part of the key (the first 0xff /
 			// 255 push). this is all necessary because of conduit using magic keys for
@@ -162,24 +154,19 @@ impl Service {
 			let mxc = parts
 				.next()
 				.map(|bytes| {
-					utils::string_from_bytes(bytes).map_err(|e| {
-						error!("Failed to parse MXC unicode bytes from our database: {}", e);
-						Error::bad_database("Failed to parse MXC unicode bytes from our database")
-					})
+					utils::string_from_bytes(bytes)
+						.map_err(|e| err!(Database(error!("Failed to parse MXC unicode bytes from our database: {e}"))))
 				})
 				.transpose()?;
 
 			let Some(mxc_s) = mxc else {
-				return Err(Error::bad_database(
-					"Parsed MXC URL unicode bytes from database but still is None",
-				));
+				return Err!(Database("Parsed MXC URL unicode bytes from database but still is None"));
 			};
 
-			debug!("Parsed MXC key to URL: {}", mxc_s);
-
+			debug!("Parsed MXC key to URL: {mxc_s}");
 			let mxc = OwnedMxcUri::from(mxc_s);
 			if mxc.server_name() == Ok(services().globals.server_name()) {
-				debug!("Ignoring local media MXC: {}", mxc);
+				debug!("Ignoring local media MXC: {mxc}");
 				// ignore our own MXC URLs as this would be local media.
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -198,14 +185,14 @@ impl Service {
 				},
 				Err(err) => {
 					if force {
-						error!("Could not delete MXC path {:?}: {:?}. Skipping...", path, err);
+						error!("Could not delete MXC path {path:?}: {err:?}. Skipping...");
 						continue;
 					}
 					return Err(err.into());
 				},
 			};
-			debug!("File created at: {:?}", file_created_at);
 
+			debug!("File created at: {file_created_at:?}");
 			if file_created_at <= user_duration {
 				debug!("File is within user duration, pushing to list of file paths and keys to delete.");
 				remote_mxcs.push(mxc.to_string());
@@ -215,15 +202,12 @@ impl Service {
 		debug!(
 			"Finished going through all our media in database for eligible keys to delete, checking if these are empty"
 		);
-
 		if remote_mxcs.is_empty() {
-			return Err(Error::bad_database("Did not found any eligible MXCs to delete."));
+			return Err!(Database("Did not found any eligible MXCs to delete."));
 		}
 
-		debug!("Deleting media now in the past \"{:?}\".", user_duration);
-
+		debug!("Deleting media now in the past {user_duration:?}.");
 		let mut deletion_count: usize = 0;
-
 		for mxc in remote_mxcs {
 			debug!("Deleting MXC {mxc} from database and filesystem");
 			self.delete(&mxc).await?;
diff --git a/src/service/users/data.rs b/src/service/users/data.rs
index 302eae9d..5546adb1 100644
--- a/src/service/users/data.rs
+++ b/src/service/users/data.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, mem::size_of, sync::Arc};
 
-use conduit::{debug_info, utils, warn, Error, Result};
+use conduit::{debug_info, err, utils, warn, Err, Error, Result};
 use database::{Database, Map};
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{device::Device, error::ErrorKind, filter::FilterDefinition},
@@ -87,19 +87,19 @@ impl Data {
 				let mut parts = bytes.split(|&b| b == 0xFF);
 				let user_bytes = parts
 					.next()
-					.ok_or_else(|| Error::bad_database("User ID in token_userdeviceid is invalid."))?;
+					.ok_or_else(|| err!(Database("User ID in token_userdeviceid is invalid.")))?;
 				let device_bytes = parts
 					.next()
-					.ok_or_else(|| Error::bad_database("Device ID in token_userdeviceid is invalid."))?;
+					.ok_or_else(|| err!(Database("Device ID in token_userdeviceid is invalid.")))?;
 
 				Ok(Some((
 					UserId::parse(
 						utils::string_from_bytes(user_bytes)
-							.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("User ID in token_userdeviceid is invalid unicode."))?,
+							.map_err(|e| err!(Database("User ID in token_userdeviceid is invalid unicode. {e}")))?,
 					)
-					.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("User ID in token_userdeviceid is invalid."))?,
+					.map_err(|e| err!(Database("User ID in token_userdeviceid is invalid. {e}")))?,
 					utils::string_from_bytes(device_bytes)
-						.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Device ID in token_userdeviceid is invalid."))?,
+						.map_err(|e| err!(Database("Device ID in token_userdeviceid is invalid. {e}")))?,
 				)))
 			})
 	}
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ impl Data {
 		Box::new(self.userid_password.iter().map(|(bytes, _)| {
 			UserId::parse(
 				utils::string_from_bytes(&bytes)
-					.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("User ID in userid_password is invalid unicode."))?,
+					.map_err(|e| err!(Database("User ID in userid_password is invalid unicode. {e}")))?,
 			)
-			.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("User ID in userid_password is invalid."))
+			.map_err(|e| err!(Database("User ID in userid_password is invalid. {e}")))
 		}))
 	}
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ impl Data {
 			.map_or(Ok(None), |bytes| {
 				Ok(Some(
 					utils::string_from_bytes(&bytes)
-						.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Displayname in db is invalid."))?,
+						.map_err(|e| err!(Database("Displayname in db is invalid. {e}")))?,
 				))
 			})
 	}
@@ -188,10 +188,8 @@ impl Data {
 		self.userid_avatarurl
 			.get(user_id.as_bytes())?
 			.map(|bytes| {
-				let s_bytes = utils::string_from_bytes(&bytes).map_err(|e| {
-					warn!("Avatar URL in db is invalid: {}", e);
-					Error::bad_database("Avatar URL in db is invalid.")
-				})?;
+				let s_bytes = utils::string_from_bytes(&bytes)
+					.map_err(|e| err!(Database(warn!("Avatar URL in db is invalid: {e}"))))?;
 				let mxc_uri: OwnedMxcUri = s_bytes.into();
 				Ok(mxc_uri)
 			})
@@ -215,10 +213,7 @@ impl Data {
 		self.userid_blurhash
 			.get(user_id.as_bytes())?
 			.map(|bytes| {
-				let s = utils::string_from_bytes(&bytes)
-					.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Avatar URL in db is invalid."))?;
-
-				Ok(s)
+				utils::string_from_bytes(&bytes).map_err(|e| err!(Database("Avatar URL in db is invalid. {e}")))
 			})
 			.transpose()
 	}
@@ -314,9 +309,9 @@ impl Data {
 						bytes
 							.rsplit(|&b| b == 0xFF)
 							.next()
-							.ok_or_else(|| Error::bad_database("UserDevice ID in db is invalid."))?,
+							.ok_or_else(|| err!(Database("UserDevice ID in db is invalid.")))?,
 					)
-					.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Device ID in userdeviceid_metadata is invalid."))?
+					.map_err(|e| err!(Database("Device ID in userdeviceid_metadata is invalid. {e}")))?
 					.into())
 				}),
 		)
@@ -330,13 +325,9 @@ impl Data {
 
 		// should not be None, but we shouldn't assert either lol...
 		if self.userdeviceid_metadata.get(&userdeviceid)?.is_none() {
-			warn!(
-				"Called set_token for a non-existent user \"{}\" and/or device ID \"{}\" with no metadata in database",
-				user_id, device_id
-			);
-			return Err(Error::bad_database(
-				"User does not exist or device ID has no metadata in database.",
-			));
+			return Err!(Database(error!(
+				"User {user_id:?} does not exist or device ID {device_id:?} has no metadata."
+			)));
 		}
 
 		// Remove old token
@@ -366,14 +357,9 @@ impl Data {
 		// Only existing devices should be able to call this, but we shouldn't assert
 		// either...
 		if self.userdeviceid_metadata.get(&key)?.is_none() {
-			warn!(
-				"Called add_one_time_key for a non-existent user \"{}\" and/or device ID \"{}\" with no metadata in \
-				 database",
-				user_id, device_id
-			);
-			return Err(Error::bad_database(
-				"User does not exist or device ID has no metadata in database.",
-			));
+			return Err!(Database(error!(
+				"User {user_id:?} does not exist or device ID {device_id:?} has no metadata."
+			)));
 		}
 
 		key.push(0xFF);
@@ -401,7 +387,7 @@ impl Data {
 			.get(user_id.as_bytes())?
 			.map_or(Ok(0), |bytes| {
 				utils::u64_from_bytes(&bytes)
-					.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Count in roomid_lastroomactiveupdate is invalid."))
+					.map_err(|e| err!(Database("Count in roomid_lastroomactiveupdate is invalid. {e}")))
 			})
 	}
 
@@ -429,11 +415,10 @@ impl Data {
 					serde_json::from_slice(
 						key.rsplit(|&b| b == 0xFF)
 							.next()
-							.ok_or_else(|| Error::bad_database("OneTimeKeyId in db is invalid."))?,
+							.ok_or_else(|| err!(Database("OneTimeKeyId in db is invalid.")))?,
 					)
-					.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("OneTimeKeyId in db is invalid."))?,
-					serde_json::from_slice(&value)
-						.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("OneTimeKeys in db are invalid."))?,
+					.map_err(|e| err!(Database("OneTimeKeyId in db is invalid. {e}")))?,
+					serde_json::from_slice(&value).map_err(|e| err!(Database("OneTimeKeys in db are invalid. {e}")))?,
 				))
 			})
 			.transpose()
@@ -457,9 +442,9 @@ impl Data {
 						bytes
 							.rsplit(|&b| b == 0xFF)
 							.next()
-							.ok_or_else(|| Error::bad_database("OneTimeKey ID in db is invalid."))?,
+							.ok_or_else(|| err!(Database("OneTimeKey ID in db is invalid.")))?,
 					)
-					.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("DeviceKeyId in db is invalid."))?
+					.map_err(|e| err!(Database("DeviceKeyId in db is invalid. {e}")))?
 					.algorithm(),
 				)
 			}) {
@@ -581,19 +566,19 @@ impl Data {
 				.get(&key)?
 				.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Tried to sign nonexistent key."))?,
 		)
-		.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("key in keyid_key is invalid."))?;
+		.map_err(|e| err!(Database("key in keyid_key is invalid. {e}")))?;
 
 		let signatures = cross_signing_key
 			.get_mut("signatures")
-			.ok_or_else(|| Error::bad_database("key in keyid_key has no signatures field."))?
+			.ok_or_else(|| err!(Database("key in keyid_key has no signatures field.")))?
 			.as_object_mut()
-			.ok_or_else(|| Error::bad_database("key in keyid_key has invalid signatures field."))?
+			.ok_or_else(|| err!(Database("key in keyid_key has invalid signatures field.")))?
 			.entry(sender_id.to_string())
 			.or_insert_with(|| serde_json::Map::new().into());
 
 		signatures
 			.as_object_mut()
-			.ok_or_else(|| Error::bad_database("signatures in keyid_key for a user is invalid."))?
+			.ok_or_else(|| err!(Database("signatures in keyid_key for a user is invalid.")))?
 			.insert(signature.0, signature.1.into());
 
 		self.keyid_key.insert(
@@ -640,7 +625,7 @@ impl Data {
 							Error::bad_database("User ID in devicekeychangeid_userid is invalid unicode.")
 						})?,
 					)
-					.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("User ID in devicekeychangeid_userid is invalid."))
+					.map_err(|e| err!(Database("User ID in devicekeychangeid_userid is invalid. {e}")))
 				}),
 		)
 	}
@@ -685,7 +670,7 @@ impl Data {
 
 		self.keyid_key.get(&key)?.map_or(Ok(None), |bytes| {
 			Ok(Some(
-				serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("DeviceKeys in db are invalid."))?,
+				serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).map_err(|e| err!(Database("DeviceKeys in db are invalid. {e}")))?,
 			))
 		})
 	}
@@ -719,7 +704,7 @@ impl Data {
 	) -> Result<Option<Raw<CrossSigningKey>>> {
 		self.keyid_key.get(key)?.map_or(Ok(None), |bytes| {
 			let mut cross_signing_key = serde_json::from_slice::<serde_json::Value>(&bytes)
-				.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("CrossSigningKey in db is invalid."))?;
+				.map_err(|e| err!(Database("CrossSigningKey in db is invalid. {e}")))?;
 			clean_signatures(&mut cross_signing_key, sender_user, user_id, allowed_signatures)?;
 
 			Ok(Some(Raw::from_json(
@@ -751,7 +736,7 @@ impl Data {
 				self.keyid_key.get(&key)?.map_or(Ok(None), |bytes| {
 					Ok(Some(
 						serde_json::from_slice(&bytes)
-							.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("CrossSigningKey in db is invalid."))?,
+							.map_err(|e| err!(Database("CrossSigningKey in db is invalid. {e}")))?,
 					))
 				})
 			})
@@ -792,7 +777,7 @@ impl Data {
 		for (_, value) in self.todeviceid_events.scan_prefix(prefix) {
 			events.push(
 				serde_json::from_slice(&value)
-					.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Event in todeviceid_events is invalid."))?,
+					.map_err(|e| err!(Database("Event in todeviceid_events is invalid. {e}")))?,
 			);
 		}
 
@@ -816,7 +801,7 @@ impl Data {
 				Ok::<_, Error>((
 					key.clone(),
 					utils::u64_from_bytes(&key[key.len().saturating_sub(size_of::<u64>())..key.len()])
-						.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("ToDeviceId has invalid count bytes."))?,
+						.map_err(|e| err!(Database("ToDeviceId has invalid count bytes. {e}")))?,
 				))
 			})
 			.filter_map(Result::ok)
@@ -877,7 +862,7 @@ impl Data {
 			.get(user_id.as_bytes())?
 			.map_or(Ok(None), |bytes| {
 				utils::u64_from_bytes(&bytes)
-					.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Invalid devicelistversion in db."))
+					.map_err(|e| err!(Database("Invalid devicelistversion in db. {e}")))
 					.map(Some)
 			})
 	}
@@ -893,7 +878,7 @@ impl Data {
 				.scan_prefix(key)
 				.map(|(_, bytes)| {
 					serde_json::from_slice::<Device>(&bytes)
-						.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Device in userdeviceid_metadata is invalid."))
+						.map_err(|e| err!(Database("Device in userdeviceid_metadata is invalid. {e}")))
 				}),
 		)
 	}
@@ -920,7 +905,7 @@ impl Data {
 		let raw = self.userfilterid_filter.get(&key)?;
 
 		if let Some(raw) = raw {
-			serde_json::from_slice(&raw).map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Invalid filter event in db."))
+			serde_json::from_slice(&raw).map_err(|e| err!(Database("Invalid filter event in db. {e}")))
 		} else {
 			Ok(None)
 		}
@@ -954,7 +939,7 @@ impl Data {
 		let expires_at = u64::from_be_bytes(
 			expires_at_bytes
 				.try_into()
-				.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("expires_at in openid_userid is invalid u64."))?,
+				.map_err(|e| err!(Database("expires_at in openid_userid is invalid u64. {e}")))?,
 		);
 
 		if expires_at < utils::millis_since_unix_epoch() {
@@ -966,9 +951,9 @@ impl Data {
 
 		UserId::parse(
 			utils::string_from_bytes(user_bytes)
-				.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("User ID in openid_userid is invalid unicode."))?,
+				.map_err(|e| err!(Database("User ID in openid_userid is invalid unicode. {e}")))?,
 		)
-		.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("User ID in openid_userid is invalid."))
+		.map_err(|e| err!(Database("User ID in openid_userid is invalid. {e}")))
 	}
 }